Mad Hedge Biotech and Healthcare Letter
April 21, 2022
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
LET’S GET READY TO RUMBLE)
(MRNA), (PFE), (BNTX), (AZN), (ABBV), (MRK), (BMY), (TAK), (GILD),
(SNY), (ALNY), (NVS), (REGN), (IONS), (GSK), (BIIB), (CRSP)
Mad Hedge Biotech and Healthcare Letter
April 21, 2022
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
LET’S GET READY TO RUMBLE)
(MRNA), (PFE), (BNTX), (AZN), (ABBV), (MRK), (BMY), (TAK), (GILD),
(SNY), (ALNY), (NVS), (REGN), (IONS), (GSK), (BIIB), (CRSP)
As we gradually reach the pinnacle of biotechnology formation, a war is brewing in the life sciences world.
This can be one of the most exciting times for medical innovations for patients. Meanwhile, investors can be picky when picking where to put their money.
Even up-and-coming scientists can seize the opportunities to lay the groundwork for their own dream organizations.
At the same time, those aspiring to climb the corporate ladder have better chances at becoming CEO without the need to slog through the biopharma sector and scramble for whatever opening is available.
However, as more and more companies launch practically every day, claiming to offer groundbreaking and revolutionary breakthroughs, it’s critical to keep in mind that not all biotechs will succeed.
Actually, the number of biotech companies has been steadily rising since 2015.
In that year, 177 firms were formed, with biotech birth rates breaching the 200-per-annum mark by 2017 and 2018.
Seeing as many more have emerged even during the pandemic, it looks like the biotech world won’t be slowing down anytime soon.
Even funding hasn’t been deterred by economic downturns.
From 2015 to 2018, the total funding for biotech companies averaged between $68.6 million to roughly $90.2 million.
After a bustling, record-breaking 2020, the bar leading to 2021 was expectedly high.
Surprisingly, 2021 blew those figures out of the water as private investors opted to raise the bar even higher.
It’s the type of climb that’s truly hard to believe.
Biotechs raised over $22 billion in private funds in 2020 following a sluggish 2019. In 2021, that figure rose to $28.5 billion.
The top earner in these funding rounds last year was China’s Abogen, which took $1 billion in private investors’ money across two rounds.
Abogen is an mRNA-centered firm that’s currently working on a COVID-19 vaccine.
What makes its product different and possibly better than Moderna (MRNA), Pfizer (PFE), BioNTech (BNTX), and AstraZeneca (AZN) is that it would be thermostable. That is, it could be used in areas without access to refrigeration.
Another big winner in 2021 is Massachusetts-based biotech ElevateBio, which aims to be a one-stop shop for cell and gene therapies.
The idea is to develop a technology that fuses its gene-editing platform, cell engineering structure, and manufacturing warehouse into one system to ease and accelerate the drug development process.
Although not entirely the same, this plan has similarities with the strategies of Big Pharma names like AbbVie (ABBV) and Merck (MRK).
Amid the growing number of biotechs, a key challenge is how to stand out among companies that target the same disease areas. This kind of competition could hamper innovation.
The clearest indicator of success would be receiving approval and being able to launch the products commercially.
Ultimately, the goals are to offer safe and effective treatments and provide value to their shareholders.
Unfortunately, the reality is only a handful of startups do make it all the way to the top.
The more feasible scenario is that bigger businesses would acquire these companies—and that seems to be the case these days.
Alongside the booming biotech formation rate are the increasingly aggressive biotech buyout deals.
We’ve seen this before.
It started in 2019, with Bristol Myers Squibb (BMY) buying Celgene, followed by AbbVie splurging on Allergan and Takeda (TAK) merging with Shire.
In 2020, AstraZeneca bought biotech superstar Alexion Pharmaceuticals while Gilead Sciences (GILD) snapped up Immunomedics.
Meanwhile, Sanofi (SNY) stacked its deck with the $3.2 billion acquisition of Translate Bio. As for Merck, this biopharma sneaked in a massive win with an $11.5 billion buyout of Acceleron.
For this year, several names have already been eyed by Big Pharmas.
There’s Alynlam Pharmaceuticals (ALNY), an RNA-centered company, which seems to be the target of both Novartis (NVS) and Regeneron (REGN).
Another RNA-focused company, Ionis Pharmaceuticals (IONS), appears to be a key target as well, with the likes of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Bayer, and even Biogen (BIIB) waiting for an opportunity to pounce.
After all, acquisitions form an integral lifeline of the biotech world. Huge businesses with the resources swoop up promising buyout candidates to bolster their own pipelines.
However, M&A isn’t the only option for biotechs. There’s also the path where they can seek companies with similar focus and consolidate to become larger and more competitive entities.
This has been the expected plan for CRISPR Therapeutics (CRSP) for a long time. Hence, it is no surprise if other biotechs with their own groundbreaking technologies decide to follow the same route.
Overall, the biotech industry is booming amid its recent struggles with the market.
The faster growth rate of companies can be attributed to more investors seeing the industry's potential and, of course, better access to technology and scientific advancement.
Moreover, the world has become more interested in the biotech world and what the industry can offer due to the pandemic.
COVID-19 has shone a light on this sector following the quick and effective results of the vaccines and treatments.
That is, people have finally caught on to the idea that there is an incredible opportunity in biotech.
While a correction is to be expected at some point, the critical thing to bear in mind is that great ideas will always generate funding no matter what.
Global Market Comments
April 20, 2022
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(TESTIMONIAL),
(TEN MORE TRENDS TO BET THE RANCH ON),
(AAPL), (AMZN), (GOOGL), (TSLA), (CRSP), (EDIT), (NTLA)
Mad Hedge Biotech and Healthcare Letter
April 14, 2022
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(A BIOPHARMA STOCK BENT ON REDEMPTION)
(MRK), (BMY), (ABBV), (ORGN), (PFE), (VTRS), (MRNA), (BNTX), (CRSP), (VRTX), (BLUE), (BIIB)
It looks like we’re about to bear witness to a redemption journey.
Once upon a time, Merck (MRK) was a major player in the cardiovascular sector. Over the years, it has gradually diminished to a minor league name.
However, Merck has plans to reverse this fortune and reclaim its dominance in the cardio market. To date, it has eight new drug approvals and a slew of expanded labels queued in the next couple of years.
This decision is evident in Merck’s move to outbid Bristol Myers Squibb (BMY) in the auction for Acceleron Pharma, shelling out a whopping $11.5 billion to boost its cardio pipeline considerably.
While the deal may seem like a massive risk, Merck is confident that this deal holds the potential to open up the path to single-product peak sales reaching $10 billion by the mid-2030s.
In fact, there’s no need to wait for long to see some solid proof of Merck’s multibillion-dollar bet, as Acceleron already has a candidate set to be put on display by the end of 2022 or early 2023.
This Acceleron acquisition forms part of the “New Merck” touted when the company welcomed a new CEO and came on the heels of the success of the leadership that brought the mega-blockbuster cancer drug Keytruda.
It also signifies Merck’s conscious efforts to ease their heavily criticized over-dependence on Keytruda.
While the drug will lose patent protection after 2028, Keytruda still holds a significant portion of Merck’s sales. The treatment accounted for roughly 35% of the company’s total revenues last year.
The patent loss of a significant moneymaker is a typical problem for virtually every Big Pharma company, with AbbVie (ABBV) and Bristol Myers Squibb coming to mind as the most recent examples.
The go-to solution to this is pursuing mega-money mergers: AbbVie acquired Allergan for $63 billion while Bristol splurged on Celgene at $74 billion.
This quickly bolsters the existing pipelines and portfolios of the companies and assuages the fear of investors over impending revenue losses.
Instead of following this pattern, Merck did the opposite in 2021.
The company decided to downsize and established a spinoff segment: Organon (ORGN). The idea is to offload its biosimilars and other legacy products to focus on its core strengths.
This is reminiscent of Pfizer’s (PFE) move to spin out its Upjohn unit and merge it with Mylan to form Viatris (VTRS).
This move looks to have worked well for Merck and Organon as it allowed the parent company to focus on its blockbuster brands.
For instance, Bridion recorded a 28% year-over-year rise in 2021 to reach $1.53 billion in sales, while ProQuad reported a 14% increase to hit $2.14 billion.
Meanwhile, Gardasil rose to an impressive 44% to contribute $5.7 billion.
Even Merck’s Animal Health sector grew by 18% to record $5.6 billion.
There’s also Keytruda, which is projected to become the highest-selling drug at $24.3 billion by 2026.
These are only some of the blockbuster products in Merck’s portfolio expected to continue increasing revenues this 2022.
In addition, the company expects at least $5 billion from its COVID-19 antiviral drug Molnupiravir.
Looking at the trajectory and growth of the pipeline and existing programs, Merck estimates an additional 17% increase in its year-on-year revenue in 2022 to reach $56.1 billion to $57.6 billion.
Despite the move to establish a spinoff unit, the Acceleron deal hints at the possibility that Merck might be shifting to an open checkbook strategy.
Considering how relentlessly it pursued the deal, there’s a chance that the company would be at the bargaining table for a while in search of ways to protect itself against the pending Keytruda patent loss.
Some contenders for a potentially splashy offer from Merck are Moderna (MRNA) and BioNTech (BNTX), which could bolster the bigger company’s mRNA pipeline.
It can also splurge on gene therapy experts by targeting CRISPR Therapeutics (CRSP) and even Vertex (VRTX).
However, given bluebird bio’s (BLUE) flailing performance as of late, this small biotech could very well be a contender for a bargain deal.
Speaking of discounted stocks, Biogen (BIIB) is also reportedly under consideration simply because of its deeply discounted price following its disastrous Alzheimer’s disease program.
Whatever move it makes, one thing is sure: Merck, with its $208 billion market capitalization, is in a healthy and stable place financially.
More importantly, it has an excellent product portfolio and an exciting pipeline.
It has shown remarkable growth in the past years and impressive efforts to secure a great future, making it a solid stock to buy and hold for a long time.
Global Market Comments
April 11, 2022
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(MARKET OUTLOOK FOR THE WEEK AHEAD,
or WATCH OUT FOR THE RECESSION WARNINGS)
(TLT), (TSLA), (FB), (CRSP), (TDOC), (GILD), (EDIT), (SQ), (INDU), (NVDA), (GS)
The drumbeat of a coming recession is getting louder and louder.
There is no doubt that the traditional signals of a slowing economy are already flashing yellow, if not bright red.
Rocketing interest rates are the most obvious one, with ten-year US Treasury bonds yield soaring from 1.33% to 2.71% in a mere four months. This is why investors pulled a gut-punching $87 billion out of bond funds in Q1.
If the Fed continues with a quarter point rise at every meeting for the rest of the year, we might escape this cycle without a recession. If the Fed ramps up to a half point rate at every meeting as was discussed last week a recession becomes a sure thing.
Imminent positive real yields for the first time in a decade also threaten to draw money out of stocks and into bonds.
I happen to be in the non-recessionary camp and the reason is very simple. Companies are making too much damn money. This is especially true for technology companies, which account for some 75% of the profits made in the US. If anything, their profits are accelerating, although at a lower rate than seen in 2021.
Certainly, the tech companies themselves aren’t buying the recession scenario. They are hiring and investing as if the economic boom will continue forever. Tesla alone has completed two new factories in the past month, in Berlin, Germany and Austin, Texas, each capable of producing a half million vehicles a year. Tesla’s existing factories are all expanding capacity.
Sitting here in Silicon Valley, I can tell you that the job market is as hot as ever. Those who have jobs, like my own kids, are besieged with multiple job offers. It seems the standard time to keep a job these days is a year, after which one takes the next upgrade, promotion, and batch of stock options.
But the stock market seems hell-bent on discounting a recession anyway. You see this in the most economically sensitive sectors of the market, banks, semiconductors, and transport, which have just clocked a miserable month. If I am right (I’m always right), and there is no recession, these will be the sectors that lead the recovery.
Until the market makes up its mind, the disciplined among us will have to while away our time constructing lists of companies to buy for the rebound. That’s when the next leg of the bull market resumes.
We find out when this happens on Wednesday when the next batch of inflation data is released, which is likely to be diabolical.
Quantitative Tightening to Start as Soon as May, according to Fed Governor Brainard. That means our central bank will start selling its vast $9 trillion in bond holding in two months, a huge market negative. Bonds tanked. The Fed only quit quantitative easing in March.
Tesla Blows Away Q1 Sales, shipping 310,000 vehicles, far above expectations. This is despite supply chain problems, soaring interest rates, and the Ukraine War. Sky-high gasoline prices helped a lot, which is driving buyers into Tesla showrooms in drives. All other competitors are falling farther behind, unable to obtain parts and commodities which Tesla locked up long ago. This puts Tesla well on its way to its 1.5 million production goal for this year. Keep buying (TSLA) on dips. My long-term target is $10,000 a share.
The Metaverse May be Worth $13 Trillion by 2030, says Citibank. The same is so for Web 3.0, which includes virtual worlds, like gaming and applications in virtual reality. Citi’s broad vision of the metaverse includes smart manufacturing technology, virtual advertising, online events like concerts, as well as digital forms of money such as cryptocurrencies like I’ll be looking for the best plays.
Biotech May Be Staging a Comeback, after spending a year in hell, taking some shares down 80%-90%. Investors are also nibbling at the sector as a recession and bear market plays, as these companies keep growing regardless of the economic cycle. Buy (CRSP), Teledoc (TDOC), Gilead Sciences (GILD), ad Editas Medicine (EDIT) on dips.
US Bonds Just Suffered their Worst Quarter in a Half Century, with yields rocketing from 1.33% to 2.71%, and Mad Hedge was triple short most of the way down. Bear LEAPS holders, which are many of you, made fortunes. We could stall around current levels until the Fed delivered both barrels of a shot gun, two back-to-back half point rate rises from the Fed.
30-Year Fixed Rate Mortgage Rates Top 5.00%, trashing the home builders. If you thought buying a home was tough, its worst now. So far, no impact on home prices.
US Dollar Hits New Two-Year High. It’s all about rising interest rates. Expect a stronger greenback to come before the turn. The coming QT will put a two-step turbocharger on the move.
German Battery Sales Soar By 67%, to residential buyers to cope with pending energy shortages. Germany already has 2.2 million solar installations out of a population of 83 million. It’s a very smart move as batteries powered by solar panels can remove you from the grid entirely, as I have amply proven with my own installation. It may be the permanent solution to over-dependence on Russian energy supplies.
Tesla Moving into Bitcoin Mining, in partnership with Blockstream and Block, formerly Square (SQ). Tesla will supply the electric power with its massive 3.8-megawatt solar array. That is the size of a large nuclear power plant. The mining facility is designed to be a proof of concept for 100% renewable energy bitcoin mining at scale. If Elon Musk likes Bitcoin maybe you should too.
The Bank of Japan Now Owns 7% of the Japanese Stocks Market. The central bank had to buy the shares after it had already bought all the bonds in the country to support the economy. So, what happens when the policy flips from QE to QT? How about unloading $371 billion worth of shares on the market. This would e a neat trick since so much of the country’s shares are locked up in corporate cross holdings. Methinks I’ll be steering clear of Japanese stocks for the foreseeable future.
My Ten-Year View
When we come out the other side of pandemic, we will be perfectly poised to launch into my new American Golden Age, or the next Roaring Twenties. With interest rates still historically cheap, oil peaking out soon, and technology hyper accelerating, there will be no reason not to. The Dow Average will rise by 800% to 240,000 or more in the coming decade. The America coming out the other side of the pandemic will be far more efficient and profitable than the old. Dow 240,000 here we come!
My March month-to-date performance retreated to a modest 0.38%. My 2022 year-to-date performance ended at a chest-beating 27.23%. The Dow Average is down -4.20% so far in 2022. It is the greatest outperformance on an index since Mad Hedge Fund Trader started 14 years ago. My trailing one-year return maintains a sky-high 68.89%.
On the next capitulation selloff day, which might come with the April Q1 earnings reports, I’ll be adding long positions in technology, banks, and biotech. I am currently in a rare 100% cash position awaiting the next ideal entry point.
That brings my 13-year total return to 539.79%, some 2.10 times the S&P 500 (SPX) over the same period. My average annualized return has ratcheted up to 44.36%, easily the highest in the industry.
We need to keep an eye on the number of US Coronavirus cases at 80.3 million, up only 100,000 in a week and deaths topping 985,000 and have only increased by 2,000 in the past week. You can find the data here. Growth of the pandemic has virtually stopped, with new cases down 98% in two months.
On Monday, April 11 at 8:00 AM EST, Consumer Inflation Expectations are released.
On Tuesday, April 12 at 8:30 AM, the Core Inflation Rate for March is announced.
On Wednesday, April 13 at 8:30 AM, the Producer Price Index for March is printed.
On Thursday, April 14 at 7:30 AM, the Weekly Jobless Claims are printed. We also get Retail Sales for March.
On Friday, April 8 at 8:30 AM, NY Empire State Manufacturing Index for March. At 2:00 PM, the Baker Hughes Oil Rig Count is out.
As for me, back in 2002, I flew to Iceland to do some research on the country’s national DNA sequencing program called deCode, which analyzed the genetic material of everyone in that tiny nation of 250,000. It was the boldest project yet in the field and had already led to several breakthrough discoveries.
Let me start by telling you the downside of visiting Iceland. In the country that has produced three Miss Universes over the last 50 years, suddenly you are the ugliest guy in the country. Because guess what? The men are beautiful as well, the decedents of Vikings who became stranded here after they cut down all the forests on the island for firewood, leaving nothing with which to build long boats. I said they were beautiful, not smart.
Still, just looking is free and highly rewarding.
While I was there, I thought it would be fun to trek across Iceland from North to South in the spirit of Shackleton, Scott, and Amundsen. I went alone because after all, how many people do you know who want to trek across Iceland? Besides, it was only 150 miles or ten days to cross. A piece of cake really.
Near the trailhead, the scenery could have been a scene from Lord of the Rings, with undulating green hills, craggy rock formations, and miniature Icelandic ponies galloping in herds. It was nature in its most raw and pristine form. It was all breathtaking.
Most of the central part of Iceland is covered by a gigantic glacier over which a rough trail is marked by stakes planted in the snow every hundred meters. The problem arises when fog or blizzards set in, obscuring the next stake, making it too easy to get lost. Then you risk walking into a fumarole, a vent from the volcano under the ice always covered by boiling water. About ten people a year die this way.
My strategy in avoiding this cruel fate was very simple. Walk 50 meters. If I could see the next stake, I proceeded. If I couldn’t, I pitched my tent and waited until the storm passed.
It worked.
Every 10 kilometers stood a stone rescue hut with a propane stove for adventurers caught out in storms. I thought they were for wimps but always camped nearby for the company.
I was 100 miles into my trek, approached my hut for the night, and opened the door to say hello to my new friends.
What I saw horrified me.
Inside was an entire German Girl Scout Troop spread out in their sleeping bags all with a particularly virulent case of the flu. In the middle was a girl lying on the floor soaking wet and shivering, who had fallen into a glacier fed river. She was clearly dying of hypothermia.
I was pissed and instantly went into Marine Corp Captain mode, barking out orders left and right. Fortunately, my German was still pretty good then, so I instructed every girl to get out of their sleeping bags and pile them on top of the freezing scout. I then told them to strip the girl of her wet clothes and reclothe her with dry replacements. They could have their bags back when she got warm. The great thing about Germans is that they are really good at following orders.
Next, I turned the stove burners up high to generate some heat. Then I rifled through backpacks and cooked up what food I could find, force-fed it into the scouts and emptied my bottle of aspirin. For the adult leader, a woman in her thirties who was practically unconscious, I parted with my emergency supply of Jack Daniels.
By the next morning, the frozen girl was warm, the rest were recovering, and the leader was conscious. They thanked me profusely. I told them I was an American “Adler Scout” (Eagle Scout) and was just doing my job.
One of the girls cautiously moved forward and presented me with a small doll dressed in a traditional German Dirndl which she said was her good luck charm. Since I was her good luck, I should have it. It was the girl who was freezing the death the day before.
Some 20 years later I look back fondly on that trip and would love to do it again.
Anyone want to go to Iceland?
Stay Healthy,
John Thomas
CEO & Publisher
The Diary of a Mad Hedge Fund Trader
Iceland 2002
Mad Hedge Biotech and Healthcare Letter
April 5, 2022
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(A BRIGHT SPOT IN A GLOOMY SECTOR)
(VRTX), (MRNA), (ABBV), (CRSP)
In an economy continuously plagued with a rising interest rate, it’s not unheard of for risk-averse investors to steer clear of businesses with high debt loads.
After all, those kinds of companies could be the most affected as climbing interest rates inevitably lead to lower profits.
The silver lining is that there’s no need to sacrifice putting money in growth stocks altogether.
You can simply load up on ultra-conservative businesses to ensure that you don’t come off the losing end in the battle of an ever-increasing interest rate.
In the biotechnology and healthcare sector, there are a handful of promising fast-growing businesses that are not saddled with tons of debt. One of them is Vertex Pharmaceuticals (VRTX).
A continuously growing business, Vertex recorded $7.5 billion in sales in 2021, showing off a 22% increase from 2020.
Its cystic fibrosis (CF) program is a major player in its growth, particularly Trikafta/Kaftrio. On its own, this blockbuster treatment contributed $5.7 billion to Vertex’s top line in 2021.
As it expands and goes after more growth opportunities, Vertex consistently ensures that it is backed by a solid balance sheet. In total, its short- and long-term liabilities amount to roughly $3.3 billion.
With a cash balance of $6.8 billion, the company has more than enough to clear that off.
In the past 12 months, Vertex has generated roughly $2.6 billion in cash from its daily operating activities.
This biotechnology company has been in such excellent shape that it managed to buy back shares with $1.4 billion last year. That’s practically three times the $539 million it allocated to repurchasing efforts in 2020.
Meanwhile, investors who feel they missed the boat on Moderna (MRNA) now have a second shot at investing in another high-growth biotechnology company.
Plus, it still has a Moderna connection and already has a strong track record of dominating a lucrative market.
Vertex and Moderna, which saw their stock price catapult to a record-breaking 800% in the past two years, are working on an mRNA-based therapy for CF patients.
Now, you might be wondering why Vertex is pursuing this program, considering its dominance in the CF market.
In fact, the closest rival would be AbbVie (ABBV). However, Phase 2 trial results for this candidate are due in two to three years. That means Vertex will likely remain the top name in the CF space for a while. Nevertheless, Vertex appears determined to keep its lead.
So, why bother with a new program instead of bolstering the existing Trikafta pipeline?
Well, right now, Vertex has virtually covered 90% of the CF market—and this is where Moderna comes in.
What the two are trying to do is to completely cover the market and target the remaining 10% not qualified to take the existing Vertex CF treatment.
As of the last update, the remaining demographic is at 25,000 patients. This would translate to another $4 billion in commercial sales.
If they succeed, the two would have created the biggest competitor to Trikafta. That means Vertex’s most formidable rival would be Vertex as well.
Needless to say, Vertex’s continuous dominance in the CF space guarantees blockbuster levels of profits in the years to come.
Vertex has been busy expanding into additional therapeutics segments despite its resounding success in the CF space.
Another potential blockbuster is CTX001, a one-time gene-editing treatment targeting blood disorders beta-thalassemia and sickle disease, developed in collaboration with CRISPR Therapeutics (CRSP). This is by far the most exciting venture of the company, with the partners expected to file for regulatory approval by the end of 2022.
Aside from these, Vertex’s pipeline is filled with promising candidates. One is VX-147, which is a groundbreaking therapy for severe genetic kidney diseases. There’s also autoimmune treatment VX-880.
VX-548 is another exciting candidate. While this drug is aimed to be an acute pain treatment, a key characteristic is the absence of drug addictiveness.
This is a breakthrough effort because it might just be the answer to the ongoing opioid crisis.
Given the unique mechanism of VX-548, this alternative aims to deliver treatment with low addictive effects.
There are roughly 75,000 deaths reported annually caused by overdose on opioid drugs in the United States alone. This could translate to $4 billion in the addressable market.
Although these candidates are not as advanced as Vertex’s CF program, they demonstrate that the company can go beyond its well-established niche and bolsters investor confidence.
With the rising inflation and economic turbulence, it’s advisable to prioritize companies with steady cash flow and promising growth prospects
Despite the rough couple of years for the broader market, Vertex easily meets these expectations and appears to be one of the positive stories in the healthcare and biotechnology sector.
Global Market Comments
March 24, 2022
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(TEN TECH TRENDS DEFINING YOUR FUTURE, or THE BEST TECH PIECE I HAVE EVER WRITTEN)
(TSLA), (GOOG), (AMZN), (AAPL), (CRSP)
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