Mad Hedge Technology Letter
October 15, 2018
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(FIVE STOCKS TO BUY AT THE BOTTOM),
(AAPL), (AMZN), (SQ), (ROKU), (MSFT)
Tag Archive for: (AMZN)
You don’t want to catch a falling knife, but at the same time, diligently prepare yourself to buy the best discounts of the year.
Interest rates triggered a tsunami wave of selling tearing apart the tech sector with a vicious profit-taking few trading days.
No doubt that asset managers are frantically locking in profits for the rest of the year and protecting ebullient performance from a year to remember.
This week shouldn’t deter investors from picking up bargains that were non-existent for most of the year because the bulk of the highest quality tech names churned higher with lurching momentum.
Here are the names of five of the best stocks to slip into your portfolio in no particular order once the madness subsides.
Apple
Steve Job’s creation is weathering the gale-fore storm quite well. Apple has been on a tear reconfirming its smooth pivot to a software-tilted tech company. The timing is perfect as China has enhanced their smartphone technology by leaps and bounds.
Even though China cannot produce the top-notch quality phones that Apple can, they have caught up to the point local Chinese are reasonably content with its functionality. That hasn’t stopped Apple from vigorously growing revenue in greater China 20% YOY during a feverishly testy political climate that has their supply chain in Beijing’s crosshairs.
The pivot is picking up steam and Apple’s revenue will morph into a software company with software and services eventually contributing 25% to total revenue.
They aren’t just an iPhone company anymore. Apple has led the charge with stock buybacks and will gobble up a total of $100 billion in shares by the end of the year. Get into this stock while you can as entry points are few and far between.
Amazon
This is the best company in America hands down and commands 5% of total American retail sales or 49% of American e-commerce sales.
It became the second company to eclipse a market capitalization of over $1 trillion. Its Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud business pioneered the cloud industry and had an almost 10-year head start to craft it into its cash cow. Amazon has branched off into many other businesses since then oozing innovation and is a one-stop wrecking ball.
The newest direction is the smart home where they seek to place every single smart product around the Amazon Echo, the smart speaker sitting nicely inside your house. A smart doorbell was the first step along with recently investing in a pre-fab house start-up aimed at building smart homes.
Microsoft
The optics in 2018 look utterly different from when Bill Gates was roaming around the corridors in the Redmond, Washington headquarter and that is a good thing in 2018.
Current CEO Satya Nadella has turned this former legacy company into the 2nd largest cloud competitor to Amazon and then some.
Microsoft Azure is rapidly catching up to Amazon in the cloud space because of the Amazon-effect working in reverse. Companies don’t want to store proprietary data to Amazon’s server farm when they could possibly destroy them down the road. Microsoft is mainly a software company and gained the trust of many big companies especially retailers.
Microsoft is also on the vanguard of the gaming industry taking advantage of the young generation’s fear of outside activity. Xbox related revenue is up 36% YOY, and its gaming division is a $10.3 billion per year business.
Microsoft Azure grew 87% YOY last quarter. The previous quarter saw Azure rocket by 98%. Shares are cheaper than Amazon and almost as potent.
Square
CEO Jack Dorsey is doing everything right at this fin-tech company blazing a trail right to the doorsteps of the traditional banks.
The various businesses they have on offer makes me think of Amazon’s portfolio because of the supreme diversity. The Cash App is a peer-to-peer money transfer program that cohabits with a bitcoin investing function on the same smartphone app.
Square has targeted the smaller businesses first and is a godsend for these entrepreneurs who lack the immense capital to create a financial and payment infrastructure. Not only do they provide the physical payment systems for restaurant chains, they also offer payroll services and other small loans.
The pipeline of innovation is strong with upper management mentioning they are considering stock trading products and other bank-like products. Wall Street bigwigs must be shaking in their boots.
The recently departed CFO Sarah Friar triggered a 10% collapse in share price on top of the market meltdown. The weakness will certainly be temporary, especially if they keep doubling their revenue every two years like they have been doing.
Roku
Benefitting from the broad-based migration from cable tv to online streaming and cord-cutting, Roku is perfectly placed to delectably harvest the spoils.
This uber-growth company offers an over-the-top (OTT) streaming platform along with the necessary hardware and picks up revenue by selling digital ads.
Founder and CEO Anthony Woods owns 21 million shares of his brainchild and insistently notes that he has no interest in selling his company to a Netflix or Apple.
Roku’s active accounts mushroomed 46% to 22 million in the second quarter. Viewers are reaffirming the obsession with on-demand online streaming content with hours streamed on the platform increasing 58% to 5.5 billion.
The Roku platform can be bought for just $30 and is easy to set-up. Roku enjoys the lead in the over-the-top (OTT) streaming device industry controlling 37% of the market share leading Amazon’s Fire Stick at 28%.
The runway is long as (OTT) boxes nestle cozily in only 40% of American homes with broadband, up from a paltry 6% in 2010.
They are consistently absent from the backbiting and jawboning the FANGs consistently find themselves in partly because they do not create original content and they are not an off-shoot from a larger parent tech firm.
This growth stock experiences the same type of volatility as Square. Be patient and wait for 5-7% drops to pick up some shares.
Global Market Comments
October 12, 2018
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(WHY THE STOCK MARKET IS BOTTOMING HERE),
(SPY), (INDU),
(NETFLIX SAYS WE BECOME A NATION OF COUCH POTATOES),
(NFLX), (M), (AMZN), (TSLA), (DIS), (GOOG)
While much of the artificial intelligence focus has been on Amazon (AMZN), Apple (AAPL), Tesla (TSLA), and Alphabet (GOOG) this year, there is another firm in the field making money hand over fist.
That would be Netflix (NFLX), whose earnings have been on a tear all year, sending the shares soaring.
By this summer the company boasted a staggering 130 million subscribers, with much of the recent growth coming from overseas.
Traders went gaga over the numbers.
Indeed, the firm tracks every keystroke you make.
Watch the sultry tropical thriller Bloodline (sadly scheduled for cancellation), and the company’s clever AI will steer you straight into a like-minded series.
It’s like the “roach motel” network. Once you check in, you can never check out.
Analysts briefly worried about Netflix when Disney (DIS) announced it was pulling its offerings from the omniscient online streaming company, a major seller.
To watch Buzz Lightyear, Woody, and an interminable number of nearly identical princesses (I have three daughters) you’ll have to seek out Disney’s own distribution channel sometime in the future.
But the firm shot back with an $8 billion budget for original content for 2018, in one fell swoop making it one of the largest Hollywood production firms.
Now Netflix is a regular feature of the annual Oscar presentations. Last month it won an impressive 23 Emmys, tying AT&T Warner Media’s HBO for the first time.
They say a picture is worth a thousand words, and I just found 3,000 of them.
Look at three stock charts and you will immediately understand some of the most important structural trends now sweeping through our economy.
Those would be the charts for Amazon (AMZN), Netflix (NFLX), and Macy's (M).
Retail Sales are clearly in a secular long-term decline. Indeed, Macy’s (M) announced last year that it is closing 100 of its 769 stores.
Are these numbers revealing a major new trend in our society? Are we soon to have our every need catered to without lifting a finger?
Have We Become a Nation of Couch Potatoes?
After spending weeks preparing a major research piece for a private client on artificial intelligence, I would have to say that the answer is an overwhelming “Yes!”
Artificial intelligence, or AI, is far more pervasive than you think. Half of all apps now rely on some form of AI, and within five years, all of them will.
Within a decade, AI will cure cancer and most other human maladies, drive our cars, decide our elections, and do our shopping.
You probably all know that Northern California has been besieged with wildfires lately.
Guess what has suddenly started populating my screen? Adds for smoke detectors!
AI has become the leading market theme for 2018.
People my age all remember George Jetson, the space age cartoon series, who only had to work an hour a day because machines did the rest of the work for him.
The modern incarnation of his ultra-light workweek will be far darker and more sinister.
Instead of a one-hour day, it is far more likely that one person will keep a full time eight-hour a day job, while another seven unfortunates become full time unemployed.
By the way, I am determined to be that one guy with a job. So should you.
Indeed, I am increasingly coming across dire predictions that 30% of all jobs will disappear within ten years.
I’m sure that they will.
The real question is whether that 30%, or more, will be replaced by jobs yet to be invented. I bet they will.
Evolution and creative destruction are now happening on fast forward.
After all, some 25% of the professions listed on the Department of Labor website did not exist a decade ago.
SEO manager? Concert social media buzz creator? Online affiliate manager? Solar panel installer? Reputation defender?
What does the stock market do in this new dystopian society? It goes through the roof.
After all, far fewer workers creating a greater output generate much larger earnings that send share prices soaring.
It is all a crucial part of my “Golden Age” scenario for the 2020s.
Having said all that, I think I’ll go binge-watch Netflix’s tropical film noir “Bloodline.” I hear it’s hot.
“Game of Thrones” and “House of Cards” don’t restart until next year.
Our Future?
Mad Hedge Technology Letter
October 11, 2018
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(WHY SNAPCHAT SNAPPED),
(SNAP), (FB), (AMZN), (NFLX)
To the dismay of tech shares, the tech industry doesn’t operate in a bubble.
The broader landscape is experiencing a dose of volatility triggered by the ratcheting up in interest rates.
There’s not much tech can do to change the narrative.
The back and forth political saber rattling isn’t helping either.
Tech is experiencing a swift rotation out of hyper-growth names such as Amazon (AMZN) and Netflix (NFLX) with investors taking profits on these names that have gone up in a straight line this year.
This does not mean you should fling these stocks into tech heaven yet.
The hardest hit names will be the marginal tech firms in the marginal tech spaces headed by dreadful management.
This narrow criterion conveniently perfectly fits one company I have written about extensively.
Enter Snapchat.
It’s been a year to forget or remember - depending on how you look at it for CEO of Snapchat Evan Spiegel.
Snapchat was one of my first recommendations of The Mad Hedge Technology Letter when I told readers to run for the hills.
To read my story on Snapchat, please click here.
At that time, the stock was trading at a luxurious $19.
Lionizing this shoddy company would be a stretch as shares have parachuted down to the $6.60 level.
The latest word is that Snapchat is burning money fast.
The cash crunch will quickly force them to raise some capital and this is just one of the many litanies of spectacular misfortunes that have beset this Venice, California social media starlet.
Maybe management is spending too much time ripping the bong on Venice Beach because the decisions being made are of that ilk.
The first catastrophic move out of many was the botched redesign alienating the core base who were dazed and confused by the new interface and functionality.
Social media works poorly when you can’t find your friends on it.
Spiegel admitted the redesign was “rushed” and it behooves me to let readers know that the redesign was the worst redesign I have ever seen in my life as I tested it out in my office.
Snapchat quickly restored the previous interface calming their shrinking core audience.
The self-inflicted wound was deep, and earnings reflected the quicksand Snapchat quickly found itself in.
Snapchat announced that global daily active users (DAUs) shrank from 191 million to 188 million.
A company at this early stage in the growth cycle should be reeling in the users non-stop.
This is far from a mature company and if executed properly the company should have the ability to cast their net far and wide scooping up new users left and right.
Let’s remember that Instagram, the Facebook (FB) owned direct competitor, is growing their user base parabolically.
Simply put, Snapchat has had no answer to Instagram’s rapid rise to fame, and that was the center of my thesis to turn my back to this rapidly deteriorating company.
Snapchat has offered no meaningful innovation to combat the terrorizing force of Instagram.
The dearth of innovation has caused the average time spent on the platform to dip from 33 minutes to 31 minutes per session.
Instagram has stretched the lead on Snapchat. In fact, it was Instagram that cleverly borrowed Snapchat’s best features and integrated them into their platform.
Sentiment has turned rotten as the stock sold off when Spiegel announced that he wants the company to turn profitable in 2019.
Investors don’t believe this one iota.
Snapchat is expected to burn through $1.5 billion in 2019, and Spiegel’s pipedream of scratching out a profit is implausible.
Snapchat is not executing on the digital ad front.
It was a year and a half ago when consensus believed Snapchat was able to churn out revenue of $540 million this quarter, but it looks more likely that Snapchat is set for revenue of just a shade over $280 million.
The severe underperformance is due to a lack of advertisers causing the eventual price of digital ads to fetch a lower price in an auction-based model.
Stinging as it might be, the lower costs of ads is also caused by the average age group of Snapchat’s core base.
Snapchatters are usually teenagers and have low purchasing power.
Targeting an older user base would improve margins significantly.
However, the conundrum is that the core user base might jump ship like they did to Facebook and shifted over to Facebook-owned Instagram.
Snap doesn’t have a Facebook posing an acute problem that could likely backfire.
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union made the issue of securing personal data a national issue.
Facebook poured fuel on the fire when they disclosed several breaches clobbering their share price.
Mark Zuckerberg’s company is still reeling from the series of mishaps.
Ironically, Facebook debuted a smart speaker with prime access to user’s home when trust is at its lowest ebb around Facebook’s data collection practices.
Investors really need to ask themselves if Facebook’s management has any common sense at all.
Any decent company would have halted this project and I expect it to be a complete disaster.
Part of Snapchat’s turnaround strategy involves releasing scripted shows as short as five minutes long.
Entering into the original content wars is a tough sell. The competition is becoming fiercer and this move hardly will differentiate itself from ad buyers who already avoid Snapchat. In fact, it smells of desperation.
Snapchat has seen a brutal brain drain with management leaving in droves.
They have voted with their feet.
Chief Strategy Officer Imran Khan was the latest to announce his upcoming departure.
Others to jettison are the VP of product, VP of sales, VP of engineering, and its general counsel.
The high turnover rate will make it more complicated to execute a drastic reversal of fortune.
The only silver lining is if Zuckerberg manages to screw up Instagram after forcing the creators out with his behind-the-scenes meddling, giving a glimmer of hope to Snapchat.
A stellar performance from the execution team along with a Facebook mess of Instagram could resuscitate the user base if users start to flee Instagram in droves.
There aren’t many alternatives unless a user is inclined to quit social media.
Snapchat badly needs to build up its user base or else digital ad buyers will stay away.
I am still bearish on this stock and it would take a small miracle to spruce up the share price again.
Global Market Comments
October 9, 2018
Fiat Lux
SPECIAL REPORT ON GOLD
Featured Trade:
(TAKING A LOOK AT GOLD LEAPS),
(GLD), (ABX), (AMZN)
Mad Hedge Technology Letter
October 9, 2018
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(LIVING ON THE EDGE),
(AMZN), (MSFT), (HPE), (GOOGL)
As incredible as it may sound, I’m starting to hear good things about gold. That’s amazing as the barbarous relic has been the red headed step child of the financial markets for the past six years. Not since the yellow metal peaked in 2011 have I heard the talk so bullish.
You can thank central banks which have become the principal buyers of gold in 2018. China is always the largest buyer. It has been joined by Russia, which is avoiding American trade sanction, and Kazakhstan. Now Poland has joined the fray. Central banks have accounted for a stunning 264 metric tonnes of purchases this year, or some 9.3 million ounces.
You can thank the coming return of inflation in the US economy, gold’s best friend. With a 4.2% GDP growth rate in Q2, the return of rapidly rising prices is just a matter of time. We here in Silicon Valley have grown inured to ever rising prices for everything. You in the rest of the country are about to get the bad news.
You can thank Amazon (AMZN) founder Jeff Bezos for pouring gasoline on the fire. By giving 250,000 US workers a 25% pay increase from $12 to $15, he has created a national short squeeze for minimum wage workers. If McDonald’s (MCD), Target (TGT), and Wal-Mart (WMT) join the fray, as they must or lose workers, wage inflation will go national.
Yes, you can remind me that rising interest rates are a terrible backdrop against which to own gold. The Federal Reserve has essentially promised us four more 25 basis point rate hikes by next summer. That would take the overnight rate to 3.25%, a historically "normalized” rate.
But what happens when the rate hikes stop? Gold takes off like a scalded chimp.
It is in fact a myth that gold can’t perform in a raising rate environment. When you look at gold’s “golden age” during the 1970’s when the barbarous relic rocketed from $34 to $900, a 24-fold increase, interest rates were rising almost as fast.
Over the same time period, the ten-year US Treasury yield soared from 5% to 16%. At the end of the day, investors fear inflation far more than high interest rates.
So when you believe that an oversold asset is about to turn but don’t know when, what is the best course of action?
Long Term Equity Anticipation Securities, or LEAPS, are a great way to play the market when you expect a substantial move up in a security over a long period of time. Get these right and the returns over 18 months can amount to several hundred percent.
At market bottoms these are a dollar a dozen. At all-time highs they are as scarce as hen’s teeth. However, scouring all asset classes there are a few sweet ones to be had.
Today, you can buy the SPDR Gold Shares ETF (GLD) January 2020 $120-$125 call spread for $1.60. For those who are new to the Mad Hedge Fund Trader, that involves buying the January 2020 $120 call and selling short the January 2020 $125 call.
This has the attributes of reducing your cost and minimizing the cost of time decay while giving you highly leveraged upside exposure over a long period of time.
If the price of gold rises by $11.20, from $113.80 to $125, a mere 9.8% by the January 17 option expiration date, the profit on this trade will amount to 212.5%. In order words, a $1,000 investment will become worth $3,125 if gold simply returns back to where it was in April.
If you’re more aggressive than I am (unlikely), you can buy the SPDR Gold Shares ETF (GLD) January 2020 $125-$130 call spread for $1.00, That would give you a maximum potential profit of 400%. In order words, a $1,000 investment will become worth $5,000 if gold simply return back to its February 2018 high.
A number of other fundamental factors are coming into play that will have a long-term positive influence on the price of the barbarous relic.
The only question is not if, but when the next bull market in the yellow metal will accelerate.
All of the positive arguments in favor of gold all boil down to a single issue: they're not making it anymore.
Take a look at the chart below and you'll see that new gold discoveries are in free fall. That's because falling prices from 2011 to 2018 caused exploration budgets to fall off a cliff.
Gold production peaked in the fourth quarter of 2015 and is expected to decline by 20% in the following four years.
The industry average cost is thought to be around $1,400 an ounce, although some legacy mines such as at Barrack Gold (ABX) can produce it for as little as $600.
So why dig out more of the stuff if it means losing more money?
It all sets up a potential turn in the classic commodities cycle. Falling prices demolish production and wipe out investors. This inevitably leads to supply shortages.
When the buyers finally return for the usual cyclical macro-economic reasons, there is none to be had, and price spikes can occur which can continue for years.
In other words, the cure for low prices is low prices.
Worried about new supply quickly coming on-stream and killing the rally?
It can take ten years to get a new mine started from scratch by the time you include capital rising, permits, infrastructure construction, logistics and bribes.
It turns out that the brightest prospects for new gold mines are all in some of the world's most inaccessible, inhospitable, and expensive places.
Good luck recruiting for the Congo!
That's the great thing about commodities. You can't just turn on a printing press and create more, as you can with stocks and bonds.
Take all the gold mined in human history, from the time of the ancient pharaohs to today, and it could comprise a cube 63 feet on a side.
That includes the one-kilo ($38,720) Nazi gold bars with stamped German eagles upon them which I saw in Swiss bank vaults during the 1980's when I was a bank director there.
In short, there is not a lot to spread around.
The long-term argument in favor of gold never really went away.
That involves emerging nation central banks, especially those in China and India, raising gold bullion holdings to western levels. That would require them to purchase several thousand tonnes of the yellow metal!
Venezuela has also been a huge gold seller to head off an economic collapse, thanks to the disastrous domestic policies there.
When this selling abates, it also could well shatter the ceiling for the yellow metal.
Tally ho!
What is Edge Computing?
Edge computing is processing data at the edge of your network.
The data being generated will not only occur in a centralized data-processing storage server anymore, but at different decentralized locations closer to the point of data generation.
This is what everyone is talking about and is an epochal development for tech companies and the businesses they run.
The last generation of IT saw a massive migration to the cloud as centralized servers stored the sudden hoard of data that never existed before.
Edge computing bolsters data performance, boosts reliability, and cuts the costs of operating apps by curtailing the distance data must flow which effectively reduces latency and bandwidth headaches.
Edge computing is revolutionizing IT infrastructure as we know it.
No longer will we be forced to use these monolith-like giant server farms for all our data needs.
Epitomizing the Silicon Valley culture of becoming faster and more agile to disrupt, tech infrastructure is getting the same potent cocktail of performance enhancers underlying the same characteristics.
According to research firm Gartner, around 80% of enterprises will shutter legacy data servers by 2025, compared to 10% in 2018.
Keeping the data near the points of data creation is the logical step to enhance and optimize data processes.
Cloud computing depends on superior bandwidth to handle the data load.
This can create a severe bottleneck if bombarded with a heavy dose of devises all communicating with the centralized servers.
The edge computing industry already in the initial stages of ramping up will be worth $6.72 billion by 2022, up from $1.47 billion in 2017.
Underpinning this crucial IT is the imminent inauguration of 5G networks powering IoT devices.
Simply put, the amount of raw data which will need swift processing is about to explode. Relying on a slower, centralized servers is not the solution, and the edge offers a suitable solution to accommodate the new generation of technology.
And as technology starts to permeate every corner of the globe, data will need to be instantaneously processed locally in cutting-edge technology such as self-driving cars.
Waiting on communicating with a centralized server in another continent is just not plausible.
A self-driving car only has milliseconds to react in hazardous conditions.
Other critical and data heavy operations such as wind turbines, medical robots, airplanes, oil rigs, mining vehicles, and logistics infrastructure only function if operated at peak levels and an interruption to connectivity could be fatal.
Telecom companies and IT firms will experience the biggest sea of changes from edge computing in the next five years.
These two sectors are confronting a significant ramp up in network load and will find it challenging to deliver the results to operate the apps and services they are responsible to run.
This new IT technology is the answer.
The industry adopting edge computing the fastest is retail because of the troves of data collected by IoT sensors and cameras.
Companies will be able to analyze the performance of products and edge computing is the technology that will capture the data.
The adoption of edge computing will perfectly take advantage of the boom in IoT devices and uptick of internet speeds through 5G.
Sales of PC’s, tablets, and smartphones have matured, and aren’t seeing the same pop in growth rates like before.
However, the IoT industry will expand by 30% in the next five years boding well for the broad-based integration of edge computing.
In total, the number of connected devices in the next five years will balloon from 17.5 billion in 2017 to over 31 billion in 2023.
The first iteration of 5G IoT devices will be on the market in 2020 deploying industrial process monitoring and control.
This is not a flash in the plan technology and many firms already or are about to roll-out an edge computing strategy.
In a recent report, 72.7% of tech firms already possess a solid edge computing plan or it is in the works.
If you include all the tech firms who expect to invest in edge computing in the next year, the number catapults to 93.3%.
The same survey continued to delve into the mindset of edge computing for tech management by asking about the importance of the technology.
Over 70% of firms characterized edge computing as important, bifurcated into two categories with the first being “critically important” which 22.2% of respondent agreed with.
Another 49.6% of respondent described edge computing as “very important.”
Firms cited that improved application performance is the largest benefit of edge computing followed by real time data analytics and data streaming.
It is not the death of cloud computing yet.
Even though centralized, slower, and negatively affected by long distance, cloud computing still has a place in the future of IT.
About two-thirds of tech firms plan to utilize a hybrid centralized cloud – edge computing strategy.
Even if they did not combine this strategy, companies would most likely separate the operations responsible for two distinct set of tasks filtered by the level of time sensitivity.
The overwhelming and imminent adoption of IoT devices means IT departments are crafting a substantially higher budget for edge computing to satisfy their operational needs.
Large recipients of this technology will turn out to be companies related to manufacturing, smart cities and transportation as well as energy and healthcare.
This technology really cuts across the entire spectrum of global industries.
Data usually does not discriminate, and applications of new tech is fueling a rapid rise of performance optimization that no other sectors can claim.
Let’s do a quick rundown of the edge computing players.
The three cloud behemoths of Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft (MSFT) Azure, and Google (GOOGL) Cloud are constructing edge gateways and edge analytics into their IoT offerings aiding workload distribution across edge and cloud services.
Microsoft has over 300 edge computing patents and launched its Azure IoT Edge service integrating container modules, an edge runtime, and a cloud-based management interface.
Amazon Web Services offers AWS CloudFront content delivery infrastructure and AWS Greengrass IoT service building on the momentum of pioneering centralized cloud technology.
Dell’s IoT division invested $1 billion in R&D to help drive Edge Gateways and VMware's Pulse IoT Center.
Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) devoted $4 billion to its edge network portfolio. HPE operates edge services, mini-data centers, and smart routers.
These are just some of the initiatives from some of the main players in the field.
Expect companies to become a lot more connected while possessing the speed, high performance, and agility to optimally entertain this new-found connectivity.
